Vaping for just a few months puts young, healthy people at risk of oral health problems including gum disease and cancer, study shows
by Joe Pinkstone For Mailonline- Study found a plethora of dangerous bacteria in the mouths of young vapers
- Oral bacteria composition resembled that of people with periodontitis
- Bacteria is not due to nicotine but is instead thought to be caused by the heated and pressurised liquids in e-cigarettes
Vaping for only a short period of time, just a handful of months, can lead to the development of dangerous bacteria linked to significant health problems such as gum disease and even oral cancer.
Bacteria thrives in the mouth of vapers and includes various infection-causing microbes similar to those found in the mouths of periodontitis sufferers.
After three months of daily use, scientists found a person's mouth was a hotbed of microorganisms linked to tooth loss and, if left untreated, heart and lung disease.
The study from Ohio State University found the bacteria accumulates independent of the presence of nicotine.
The scientists leading the research, published today in Science Advances, therefore believe the culprit is the heated and pressurised liquids found in e-cigarettes.
Study senior author Professor Purnima Kumar from The Ohio State University said: 'Vaping is such a big assault on the oral environment, and the change happens dramatically and over a short period of time.'
Researchers collected plaque samples gums of 123 people who showed no current signs of oral disease.
Vaping is just as bad as smoking cigarettes for increasing the risk of heart disease
Vaping causes significant damage to blood vessels in the same way as smoking traditional cigarettes, a study has found.
Blood vessels become stiffer and less effective in vapers and people who both vape and smoke, compared to non-smokers.
People who only inhale from cigarettes and do not vape also have the same issue of stiffening blood vessels.
Nicotine — the addictive substance in vapes and cigarettes — constricts blood vessels and over time this leads to a loss of elasticity.
Rigid arteries and blood vessels are known to increase a person's risk of developing heart disease.
Researchers studied more than 400 men and women aged between 21 and 45 made up of non-smokers, cigarette smokers, e-cigarette users and people who both smoked and vaped.
All e-cigarette users were former cigarette smokers.
The study, published in the Journal of the American Heart Association on Wednesday, found that former smokers who switched to e-cigarettes and dual users had arteries that were just as stiff as those in traditional smokers.
Twenty-five were current smokers, 25 nonsmokers, 20 e-cigarette users, 25 former smokers using e-cigarettes and 28 people maintaining both cigarette smoking and vaping habits at the same time.
Even former smokers who had transitioned to e-cigarettes had more damaging bacteria present than current smokers who do not vape.
'If you stop smoking and start vaping instead, you don't move back toward a healthy bacterial profile but shift up to the vaping profile,' said Professor Kumar.
'Knowing the vaping profile is pathogen-rich, you're not doing yourself any favours by using vaping to quit smoking.'
Among the participants in the study were first-time vapers aged between 21 and 35 who had been using e-cigarettes for between four and 12 months.
Researchers were mos concerned to discover that the microbes triggered a response from the immune system which created a mucus-like slime layer.
This is part of a destructive inflammatory response, where the body's immune system has been triggered by the invading bacteria and tries to fight it off.
As a result, the immune response can, in itself, cause damage to the body.
Proteins were also found which are created when the immune system is on standby to produce an inflammatory response. The scientists say this exponentially increases the likelihood of disease.
To test the findings from the mouths of smokers, the researchers used a 'fake mouth'.
They mimicked the smoking environment of both cigarettes and vapes and this revealed aerosols from e-cigarettes triggered the development of the most harmful bacteria.
'Knowing the vaping profile is pathogen-rich, you're not doing yourself any favours by using vaping to quit smoking,' Professor Kumar said.
'I'm not saying nicotine is good for you. But even without the nicotine, vaping has a pretty large impact on the bacterial communities our bodies have regarded as friends.
'I am hoping this research will drive some level of policymaking about the harm we are seeing.
'If we can see changes in people who are otherwise healthy and have nothing wrong with them, then we should start seriously considering why would you put their lives and their wellbeing at risk.'
Debate over how harmful vaping is leads to confusion
E-cigarettes have the potential to benefit some people, by helping them quit smoking. But scientists still have a lot to learn about whether e-cigarettes are truly effective for quitting smoking and what the long-term risks are.
Nicotine is already known to be highly addictive and harm adolescent brain development, which continues into the early to mid-20s.
E-cigarettes produce an aerosol by heating a liquid that usually contains nicotine. Aerosol is inhaled into the lungs and can contain potentially harmful substances, including heavy metals like lead, volatile organic compounds, and cancer-causing agents.
US health officials, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), are investigating an outbreak of e-cigarette or vaping, product use associated lung injury (EVALI).
The mystery illness has swept across the states. Officials have identified Vitamin E acetate as a chemical of concern. THC is present in most of the fluid samples collected from the lungs of ill people, and most patients report a history of using THC-containing e-cigarette, or vaping, products.
'Popcorn lung' is the nickname for bronchiolitis obliterans, a condition which damages the smallest airways in the lungs and has been linked to people with vaping-related breathing problems. However, there’s no good evidence that e-cigarettes could cause the lung condition, according to Cancer Research UK.
The flavourings in electronic cigarettes may damage blood vessels in the same way as heart disease, according to research published in June 2018.
The chemicals used to give the vapour flavours, such as cinnamon, strawberry and banana, can cause inflammation in cells in the arteries, veins and heart.
They cause the body to react in a way that mimics the early signs of heart disease, heart attacks or strokes, the study by Boston University found.
Other recent studies have also suggested smoking e-cigarettes could cause DNA mutations which lead to cancer, and enable pneumonia-causing bacteria to stick to the lungs easier.
Researchers at New York University subjected human bladder and lung cells to e-cigarette vapor, which is marketed as being healthier than tobacco.
They found the cells mutated and became cancerous much faster than expected and mice exposed to the vapour also suffered significant DNA damage.
In another study, scientists at Queen Mary University, London, found vaping makes users more likely to catch pneumonia – just like smoking tobacco or breathing in traffic fumes.
The vapour from e-cigarettes helps bacteria which cause the condition to stick to the cells that line the airways, they said.
The effect occurs with traditional cigarette smoke and those who are exposed to air pollution high in particulates from vehicle exhausts.
An April 20202 study found vaping damages the arteries and blood vessel function much like smoking traditional cigarettes.
The team studied measures of blood vessel function in e-cigarette and dual users who had been using e-cigarettes for at least three months.
All e-cigarette users were former cigarette smokers.