How Russian doping scandal unfolded

LAUSANNE: Russia will miss next year's Tokyo Olympics and the 2022 Beijing Winter Games after the World Anti-Doping Agency on Monday banned the powerhouse from global sporting events for four years over manipulated doping data.

We look at the main events in the long-running Russian doping controversy:

In December 2014 German broadcaster ARD airs a documentary alleging systematic doping in Russian athletics. It provokes the resignation of three key figures. Russian athletics chief and the treasurer of the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), Valentin Balakhnichev, the IAAF's marketing consultant Papa Massata Diack, the son of then-IAAF president Lamine Diack, all step down. WADA sets up an independent commission headed by its former chief, Dick Pound, to investigate the claims.

Russia hosts the Winter Olympics in Sochi and tops the medal table.

ARD airs a second documentary in August with new accusations aimed at Russian and Kenyan athletes based on a leaked IAAF database which reveals "extraordinary" levels of doping.

WADA releases a report in November calling for Russia's track and field team to be banned from international competition, including from the 2016 Rio Olympics, until "state-sponsored" doping is eradicated.

The IAAF suspends the Russian athletics team and WADA also suspends Russia's national anti-doping body (RUSADA) over non-compliance.

WADA publishes a second report into doping and corruption accusing high-ranking IAAF officials of covering up drug-taking.

In May, Grigory Rodchenkov, the former head of Moscow's anti-doping laboratory who has fled Russia, goes public alleging a highly-organised doping campaign at the 2014 Sochi Olympics.

Barely two weeks before the Rio Olympics in July, Canadian law professor Richard McLaren releases an explosive WADA report outlining state-run Russian doping at the Sochi Games and other major events. WADA calls for Russia to be banned from Rio.

The International Olympic Committee (IOC) stops short of an outright ban and says individual federations will have to decide whether to allow Russian athletes to compete.

The second part of the McLaren report is published in December, alleging state-sponsored Russian doping between 2011 and 2015, with sample-tampering at the 2012 London Olympics and Sochi 2014.

In December 2017 Russia's deputy prime minister Vitaly Mutko slams doping allegations before the draw for the 2018 World Cup in Russia.

The IOC bans the Russian Olympic Committee from the Pyeongchang Winter Games, but allows clean Russian athletes to take part as neutral competitors. Mutko receives a lifetime Olympic ban.

Some 168 Russian athletes are cleared in January by the IOC to take part in Pyeongchang.

In May, Mutko loses his sports brief in the Russian government shortly before the World Cup kicks off.

WADA controversially lifts its three-year ban on RUSADA in September, despite not having been granted access to its doping-tainted Moscow laboratory.

IAAF extends its ban on the Russian athletics federations (RUSAF) saying certain criteria for reintegration had not been met.

Russia finally hands over data from a Moscow laboratory to WADA in January.

The IAAF again upholds the ban on Russia in June despite hailing "positive developments" including access granted to the Moscow lab.

In September WADA gives Russia three weeks to explain "inconsistencies" in the lab data.

The IAAF, now re-named World Athletics, maintains a ban on RUSAF pending analysis of the data.

Russia's anti-doping agency chief Yuri Ganus tells German magazine Der Spiegel in October he believes data handed from the laboratory to WADA has been intentionally manipulated.

Ganus tells WADA's world conference in November his agency, RUSADA, had become "a hostage to the crisis" triggered by the falsified information.

Russia's Sports Minister Pavel Kolobkov later denies the data handed to WADA had been doctored.

Days later World Athletics announces it has suspended the reinstatement process of Russian athletics and was contemplating expelling the country entirely from the sport due to doping affairs.

WADA, meeting in Lausanne on Monday, decides to ban Russia for four years over the manipulated data, meaning the country will miss out on the 2020 Tokyo Olympics and 2022 Beijing Winter Games. Russian government officials will be barred from attending any major events, while the country will also lose the right to host, or even bid, for tournaments.

Russian sportspeople who can prove they were not part of what WADA believes was a state-sponsored system of doping will be eligible to compete as neutrals.