Scientists urge Ethiopia to protect groundwater

Groundwater is seen as having major potential for Ethiopia and Sub-Saharan Africa’s climate change strategies – time to protect it, scientists urge.

For Ethiopia and Sub-Saharan Africa, groundwater might be a key climate change defense, if we can do better, according to the scientists. They said groundwater, the invisible ground water represents 99% of Earth’s liquid freshwater, making it critical for supplying drinking water and ensuring food security.

It is also critical to adapting to climate variability, supporting biodiversity, sustaining surface water bodies and meeting the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals.

Reports show that groundwater provides more than 90% of the water used for domestic and industrial supply in Ethiopia, but a very small proportion of water used for irrigation, which mostly comes from surface water.

Researches show that in Ethiopia Some 80% of the total national water supply is estimated to come from groundwater. Annual renewable groundwater resources are estimated at around 36,000 million cubic metres (36 billion cubic metres), with estimates of total groundwater storage varying from 1,000 to 10,000 billion meter cube. An estimated 30% of groundwater storage is not available for direct use because of high salinity and/or high fluoride.

Mismanagement of groundwater threatens our drinking water, food production, and climate change adaptation prospects, warns a statement endorsed by the International Water Management Institute’s (IWMI) and signed by 700+ global experts.

The call to action highlighted in Nature this week cites recent scientific breakthroughs on groundwater’s vital role in supporting rivers globally. It supplies more than 40 percent of the water used for the world’s agricultural irrigation, drinking water to two billion people, and helps regions cope with worsening droughts.

Millions of low income smallholder farmers, in particular, rely on groundwater in arid and semi-arid areas and during times of drought, making it one of nature’s best solutions to beat climate variability. It’s seen as having major potential for Ethiopia and Sub-Saharan Africa.

Groundwater makes up 99 percent of the Earth’s liquid freshwater.But in many places, warn the experts, groundwater is under threat from over-exploitation and contamination, mostly due to poor understanding, land use planning, and management.

IWMI Director General Claudia Sadoff and groundwater lead researcher Karen Villholth, who coordinates GRIPP – the Groundwater Solutions Initiative for Policy and Practice– joined the 700+ signatories along with many individual experts and practitioners from IWMI’s partners.

GRIPP is a key global partnership on groundwater science and policy, bringing together nearly 30 international institutes to strengthen groundwater initiatives and solutions.

“Groundwater is often out of sight, so we take it for granted, or misuse it in ways that impact the most vulnerable people and ecosystems.”says Sadoff.

“IWMI is joining global experts, because if we allow groundwater to be further degraded or depleted, it threatens our ability to respond to increasing droughts and floods. And we’re closing in on real dangers to food and drinking water due to over-exploitation and mismanagement. The impacts could be global.”

The call to action comes as the world eyes the United Nations (UN) Climate Change Conference in Madrid (COP 25) and begins the Decade of Action on the UN Agenda 2030.

Recent evidence points to the potential for groundwater as a major solution for helping the world – especially the Global South – adapt to droughts and climate extremes.

Over 700 scientists, practitioners and experts from over 75 countries around the world have now signed the call. The statement highlights the risks for 1.7 billion people who live above groundwater reserves that are stressed by overuse.

The statement calls for three actions:
1) Put the spotlight on global groundwater sustainability through a UN World Water Development Report and a Global Groundwater Summit in 2022, the year when groundwater will be the UN World Water Day’s key focus.

2) Commit to managing and governing groundwater sustainably from local to global scales by applying sustainability guiding principles locally, regionally and globally by 2030.

3) Invest in groundwater governance and management by implementing groundwater sustainability plans for stressed aquifers by 2030. This means investing in nature-based solutions supporting groundwater, capacity building, awareness raising and developing better monitoring, reporting and management systems.

The statement was drafted at the AGU Chapman conference on Aquifer Sustainability in Valencia, Spain in October, 2019. The statement is meant to raise awareness of the global importance of groundwater, encourage future international action-oriented initiatives and build momentum towards the 2022 UN World Water Day.

“Groundwater is so fundamental to our food and our drinking water, and critical to our ecosystems, but it’s still overlooked and mismanaged,” says Villholth, whose work is supported by the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE).

“Our call to action will ensure groundwater stays on the radar following this week’s COP25 climate meetings. We’re stressing the critical importance of managing water properly for climate resilience, and under that the key role of groundwater. We are pushing hard now to get it on the global agenda to sustain these benefits and avoid widespread crises – in keeping with the Sustainable Development Goals horizon of 2030.”